2.
   2023
/   
  
[    (      )|
 : 3     :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.   '   :
(a)     
()      
2.             
 -
3.           
4.                 
 -
2.
5.         ?
6.   '   :
(a)       
()      ()  
-
7.                  :
()   
() 
8.      -     ?    
2.
   2023
/   
  
[    (      )|
 : 3     :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.   '   :
(a)     
()      
:(a)     
                 
     :
        (  
)
         (   USSR )
               
      
              
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     :
              
2.
  
  ()
          ,       
     

   -- 
1.           
   :




   
 :

 
 '  
        
:        ,    , ,
      
 :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 +   
2.      
  ,              
     
         :
  
   
  
  
2.
: -   ,   ,    (PDS)
 :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
3.       
  ,            
 
:
 

 
          
           ,      
   
 :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
4.            
      
,  :

 

 
      
    
      
 :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ,   
2.
5.       
       
 ,      '  
       
        :
  
  
    
: , ,  
 :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
6.      
       :



            :
 
 
 
 :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
 
            
               ,
 ,  ,     
     
                

2.
()      
       
    :
   ,  , ,   
   , ,      
    ,  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         ,    ,  
  
: , , , 
   
1.   
      
 
  :
  
 
 
 
:         
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  
2.  
   :
 
 

2.
 


     
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
3.     
   :
 

 

   :




:   ,   
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  '  
4.    
    :


 



2.
      
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
5.      (HDI)
HDI :


 
     
:
 
 
 
  
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
6.     
   :


 
   :
 

  
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
2.
7.        
       :




    
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
8.     
     :
 



     
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 
9.       
     ':
 
 
  
 
      
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 
2.
 
   ,  ,   ,   , 
            
,        ,      
   
  
               
 ,        
   ,  
    ,          
 , 
         
2.             
:     ?
       
   -   
   ,     '      , 
  '         ,     - 
,     
           ,       
, ,           
     
      
          
 :
1.      
              
,       '       - ,
       
2.      
2.
    
;          

    ,           
3.    
      - ,         
         '   
4.   
   ,        '    
       
5.      
   ,        
   -        ' 
 
6.     
      
       , 
   ,          
 
7.    

    ,        
,    ,       
     
        

1.  -    
            , 
         
2.    
   ,   ,       
    
   ,     
   
3.  - 
2.
   ,          
     ,       
   
4.      
    '       -   , ,
       
;        
5.  
              
      ,   ,   
6.   
         ,    
         
 
7.  
      ,     
 -   
 ,  ,        
          '   
    
             
:
      
    
     
      
   
   
      
     
           
    

             
, ,  ,        
2.
  ,  ,        
   
 -
3.           
:     ():   
                 
     -   -   ',   ' 
    '             
  
 ,           
      ,      (NDC) 
   
   NDC  ,  
  ,     ,    
   
 
     
   ()           
             
     
  ,              
    '          
          
,      
  
   
     6  1952  
       
   (  
) 
         ,      
  
2.
 ,  -            
            ,  
      
  
             :
    ()
  
    
    / 
   

         ,        

      
       :
1.      
                
       
2.      
                 
       
3.       
       ,         '
      
4.      
                  
5. -      
2.

         ,       
    
 
      
          
1.         
        ,  NDC       
    ,     
    
2.   
     : '    :



 
 
      
3.       
  - '         ,  
   
4.        
     ,        
 ,              
5.         
   ,           
  
2.
              
 
1. -      
           
2.   
         
3.    
           
4.   
   '       '   
5.    
            
    
      ,      
           
   :
     
NDC →  '     
 ,        
  
  ,  NDC      :
1.    
2.
      ,        ' 


2.  

             ,    
     
3.   
     
 
4.    
    ,  
     
2015 ,              
 
   ,          
,     ,         , 
        
 
 ,  NDC   
,        

              
1952   ,           
 
       
     ,     ,  
,              
        
        ,            
      
2.
4.                 
: - 
              - 
,  ,  ,    
     
 
      ,      
             
 
      
1.      
               
        ,     
    
 ,           
  ,  
          ,     
     
2.   
         ,    ,   
      ,        ,  
    
    ,             

               
 
3.    
      
       
     ,        
               
 ,      '         
             
  
4.       
          - , ,
,      ,         
   ,      
  
2.
     ,          ,  
         
5.        
            , 
,          
 ,            
       ,      
             
  
6.         
      '    - , , 
      ,          ,
       
 
         '     
             

7.       
       
        
         ,     
    ,     ,      
     ,           


8.     
                ,
      ,          
   
     
       
        
9.         
                ,
              
   
2.
  ,             
     
10.       
               '   
 ,       ,     
   
        

              - 
,  ,  ,      ,  ,
   ,  , ,  ,    
 -
5.         ?
:           , , 
, ,  ,           
               ,
    
          
   
  ,     ,        
,    ,         
        ' ,  ,   
   
         
1.     
             
2.
       
   -   , , ,
,   -           
    
                
                
   
 :
  
  
    
2.       - 
              
  ,     - (  
)   
     ,    '   

          
 :            : 
    
    
 
 :
  
 
  
3.     
              
     
 
2.
 '            
   '     ,     '  


 :             ,
        
 :
 
  
 
4.    
              
           
   :
  '       '   
 
      
    ' 
     ,      

 
 :
 
   
  
5.        
         '     
(  )      
        ,       
       ,      
2.
 :
 
 
 
6.     
   ,        '      
,     
       ,        

          
  ,         ,     
   
 :
 
  
 
7.  
 ,        ,     
    
  ,             ,
            
 :  
 
 ,         
         
 :
 
  
  
2.
8.      
      '          
    
  ,             
   

 :          
  , 
  
 :
  
 
   
9.        
      ,      '   
 '   
              
   
 
 ,         
 :
    
  
- 
10.  
            
 , ,          
              
    
2.
 ,   
 :
 
 
 
11.  
       :

 
 
 
 
    
   :       
                 
         
 :
 
  
 
12.          
       :     
        
     ;        
     
 :
  
  
2.
 

     ,         
 ,             
 
,              
,  ,  ,    ,  
 ,           
 
6.   '   :
(a)       
()      ()  
:(a)       
               ,  
(  )      - 51%     
           
    :
1.  
o   - 51%  
o      
      '  
2.    
o         ,     

o      ,     '     
    
3. 
o    ,      
o ,          
    
4. 
o     ,      
   
2.
o           ,   
        
5.  
o      ,     / 
   
o          (CAG)   

6.   
o     (BHEL),     
(SAIL),       (ONGC)   

 ,  ,          
  
 
() -    () 
  -  ()         
          ,      
 
 PPPs  
?   :
1.   
o             
        ,     ' 
 
2.    
o     ,    
 
o             
     
3.    
o        - ,     ,
          ,   
   
4.   
o       
  
   
      
o  ,           
    
5.     
o ,  , ,       
   
o            
 
2.
6.   
o         
 
o       '      
7.      
o   (  '  ),  ,   
   ()       
 

  :
              ,
       
-    (PPP)  
   
 ,   
,  
 ,        
-
7.                  :
()   
() 
:                |
     ,           
      ,          
,   (SC)  ,      '    
           
  ,             
    ,          
    
()        
2.
        ' -,   
            
 ,      
1.    
         
  17-       -  
 
  15(4)    '  ,     
 ,       
  46          
       
        ,   
  
       
2.        
        () 
,          
 
           
          
                
'        
3.      
           :
            
      
  - ,     
     
             
  
2.
4.     
      ,  -  

  :
-   
    
     
     
       (NSFDC)     
      
5.       
 ,              
   ,    :
       (   ) , 1989
o -       
o         
o        
           
6.   
     
   :
       
     
  
       SC    
()      
        ,      , ,  
              -  
    
2.
1.   
     

        , 2009 (RTE)
o 6-14           
 
o      25%     
o   
             
         
2.     
             ,   

:
-  
        
       
        
        (ICDS)
6        ,        
  
   
          
       '      
3.     
         
   (   ) 
o 14           ' 
o          
      
     
2.
           
,    
4.     
 ,         
  (     ) 
o ,            

o          
  (       )
o       
 
o -     
 
       
 
5.       
  ,            
   :
     
o        
o        
  
      
          
           
6.     
     :
    
o  ,       
 
    
        
2.
     

              
  
   ,         ,
, ,            ,
     ,  ,  ,       
-   
8.      -     ?    
: - 
          ,      
, ,   '           
   
 ,     
       -
      -  (...),  ,
 ,       '       
   
-    
         
 ,          
     -   
1.   ' 
-     '   '       
 ,    ,        ,
       NGO          
  
2.    

       
, -     
   ,         
       -     
2.
3.      
   '      ,  -   
         ,       
    , -      
         
4.     
-       ,  ,   
       
      
    '     
5.   
        - , ,  -   
  
     '  
    

 
6.   
-      ,    , 
       
   , 
 -   NGO         - 
 
7.   
     , -         
, ,           
      
 
-     
1.  (-   )
o  -       ,  , 
        
2. CRY (     
)
o    ,       ' 
3. 
o         ,   
      
4.     
2.
o     ,       

5.    

o  ,      -    
 
  
   -  -     

 - , ,  ,  ,   
-    
      , -        :
    ' 
      
           
        
   ,       

-    '            
   
 ,   ,  
 ,  
 
          ,     
 ,       
"                 
 
          ,         
 "